Primary assessment

This is a quick, systematic initial assessment used in first aid to identify and treat life-threatening conditions in order of priority.

This isn't a step-by-step walkthrough. In a real emergency, call 999 and the call handler will guide you.

D

Danger

  • Look for dangers.
  • Put on gloves if you have them — but don't delay helping.

If there is danger and you cannot make safe, manage the scene and wait for the emergency services. Do not put yourself at risk.

R

Response

Kneel beside them, tap their shoulder and ask loudly, 'Are you all right?'

If unresponsive, in order of preference:

  • Ask someone to call 999/112, then carry on with your assessment.
  • Call 999/112 on your own phone, put it on loudspeaker, then carry on with your assessment.
  • If you can't do either of the above and you don't think anyone is coming to help, leave to get help.
  • If when you return from summoning help they remain unresponsive and are not breathing normally after you open the airway, immediately start CPR.
A

Airway

  • If blood or vomit is blocking their airway, roll them onto their side so it can drain.
  • Open the airway using the head tilt, chin lift technique.
  • If you suspect trauma, and you've been trained to do so, open the airway with a jaw thrust instead.
B

Breathing

  • Look, listen and feel for breathing — 10 seconds.
  • Check whether they're breathing normally.

⚠ Slow or laboured breathing, gasping, or panting are signs of cardiac arrest.

What you find decides what's next

If they respond and are breathing normally: leave them in the position you found them, as long as it's safe. Find out what's wrong, get help if needed, and keep checking them.